In the misty coastal landscapes of the Pacific Northwest, where cedar forests meet the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean, the rhythms of life have long been intertwined with the cycles of nature.

Among the Makah of Washington State and the Nuu-chah-nulth of Vancouver Island, one tradition rises above others in its cultural and spiritual significance: whale hunting.

Bannock, a traditional bread with a rich and diverse history, has long been an essential part of both Indigenous and settler cultures in Canada. Its origins, evolution, and continued significance in modern times make it a vital element of Canadian food history. This simple yet versatile bread, made with a combination of flour, fat, and water, represents a fusion of Indigenous food traditions and European influences.

Pemmican is a traditional Indigenous food with deep roots in Canadian history. Known for its long shelf life, portability, and high nutritional value, pemmican played an essential role in the survival and success of both Indigenous and European communities across North America. Originally made by Indigenous tribes, particularly on the Plains and prairies, pemmican combined dried meat, fat, and sometimes berries, offering a high-energy, protein-rich food.

It quickly became a staple food in the fur trade era, gaining recognition and economic importance.

Métis cuisine in Canada is a unique and dynamic food tradition that reflects the cultural heritage and history of the Métis people.

Known for their blended Indigenous and European ancestry, the Métis primarily reside in Canada’s Prairie provinces and have contributed distinctively to the nation’s culinary landscape.

Imagine a time before refrigeration when communities relied heavily on the sun to preserve their food. Picture ancient villagers gathering fruits and vegetables, spreading them out on sun-drenched stones and wooden slats, allowing the elements to transform their harvest into something that could last for months.

This fascinating practice of drying and sun-curing has been pivotal in human survival, allowing people to stockpile provisions and celebrate seasonal abundance.

Salt has played a crucial role in shaping human civilization, acting as a key preservative that has allowed societies to thrive through the ages.

From the Roman garum to Indigenous fish preservation techniques, understanding and reviving ancient food preservation methods can help us reduce food waste while reconnecting with our cultural heritage. 

Preserving food has been a central part of human survival for millennia.

Long before modern refrigeration, Indigenous cultures worldwide developed methods to ensure they could store food for long periods.

Two of the most effective techniques— curing and smoking — were used to protect meat, fish, and even vegetables from spoilage. Both methods remain relevant today and are seeing a resurgence among food enthusiasts who appreciate their practicality, sustainability, and the deep flavours they create.

The Sámi people, Indigenous to the northern regions of Europe, particularly parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula, have a rich culinary heritage shaped by the unique challenges of their Arctic environment.

The historical evolution of Sámi food practices reflects a deep connection to the land, adaptation to environmental changes, and influences from external cultures. 

Throughout history, Indigenous cultures around the globe have developed innovative food preservation techniques that not only ensure sustenance during lean times but also reflect their deep understanding of the environment.

Drying, smoking, and fermenting are three ancient methods that have allowed Indigenous peoples to maximize their food resources, maintain nutritional value, and create distinctive flavors.

Taro, or kalo as it’s called in Hawaii, is an essential part of Polynesian Indigenous food traditions. More than just a crop, taro has been cultivated for thousands of years, supporting island communities both nutritionally and culturally.

Orange Shirt Day, observed annually on September 30th along with the Day of Truth and Reconciliation, is about remembrance and education and shedding light on the painful legacy of Canada’s residential school system.

Understanding Indigenous history and making efforts to decolonize mindsets is something that Shara — the creator of Recipes & Roots — and her family feels strongly about. Often, decolonizing and indigenizing goes hand-in-hand with reconciliation.

The concepts of decolonization, indigenization, and sustainability are interconnected through their shared goals of addressing historical injustices, respecting Indigenous knowledge, and promoting environmental stewardship.

Traditional Indigenous foods in Canada form an integral part of the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples. Scroll to the end for some Indigenous chefs to follow.